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Space Telescope Data Processing

Composite Imagery

These composites begin with the Stage 3 mosaics released through MAST and end with a chain of interpretive choices: filter-to-filter registration, continuum subtraction, non-linear intensity transformations, and the assignment of invisible-wavelength channels to visible color.

Carina Nebula Protostellar Jets

An atomic jet piercing a molecular cocoon in the Carina Nebula

Stellar Jets Bicolor [FE II] + H₂ Emission

This image shows a collimated atomic [Fe II] jet at ~10,000 K piercing through a surrounding molecular H₂ cocoon, with the spatial geometry of the embedded protostar's outflow made visible through an orange + cyan emission-line composite.

This is just one of Megan Reiter's six-target survey of the Carina Nebula's Herbig-Haro objects, each with a uniform four-filter NIRCam program. The orange channel shows the continuum-subtracted H₂ molecular shocks while cyan shows continuum-subtracted [Fe II] atomic shocks.

Target
HH 666 (Herbig-Haro 666)
Classification
Protostellar jet (Herbig-Haro object)
Constellation
Carina
Distance
~7,500 light-years
Instruments
JWST NIRCam
Release Date
2026-06-11
Principal Investigator
Megan Reiter

Distance: HH 666 lies within the Carina Nebula complex at ~2.3 kpc / 7,500 light-years (Smith 2006).

Cat's Paw Nebula

NIRCam Observations Of A Star Forming Nebula

NIRCam composite

Colors are mapped from five near-infrared filters.

  • F090W

    0.9 μm broadband; foreground stars, least-obscured populations

  • F187N

    1.87 μm narrowband; ionized hydrogen (Paschen-α)

  • F277W

    2.8 μm broadband; dust penetration

  • F335M

    3.35 μm medium band; PAH dust emission (photodissociation regions)

  • F470N

    4.7 μm narrowband; shocked molecular hydrogen (H₂)

H II Cavities Five-Filter NIRCam Composite

This image reveals H II cavities carved out of dense molecular gas by the ultraviolet radiation and stellar winds of newborn massive stars, with PAH-rich photodissociation rims and shocked molecular hydrogen tracing where feedback is actively eroding the parent cloud.

The composite maps foreground and continuum starlight in blue (F090W), Paschen-α ionized hydrogen in cyan (F187N), warm dust and 3.3 μm PAH emission along the cavity rims in green and yellow (F277W, F335M), and shocked H₂ in deep red (F470N).

Target
NGC 6334
Classification
H II region and massive star-forming complex
Constellation
Scorpius
Distance
~5,500 light-years
Instruments
JWST NIRCam
Release Date
2025-07-10
Principal Investigator
Macarena García Marín

Distance estimates for this complex range from about 4,200 to 5,700 light-years depending on the method used.

Southern Ring Nebula

JWST Early Release Observation Program 2733

NIRCam composite

Colors are mapped from six near-infrared filters.

  • F090W

    0.9 μm broadband; foreground stars, least-obscured populations

  • F187N

    1.87 μm narrowband; ionized hydrogen (Paschen-α)

  • F212N

    2.12 μm narrowband; molecular hydrogen (H₂) in the inner shell

  • F356W

    3.56 μm broadband; dust and continuum from expanding ejecta

  • F405N

    4.05 μm narrowband; ionized hydrogen (Brackett-α)

  • F470N

    4.7 μm narrowband; cooler molecular hydrogen (H₂) in the outer shell

A Dying Star's Layered Ejecta Five-Filter NIRCam Composite

This image reveals the concentric shells of a young planetary nebula, where a dying white dwarf—the faint point visible along one of the diffraction spikes—has expelled layers of gas and dust into space over thousands of years; sculpted by gravitational stirring from the prominent bright star at the center in a tight binary orbit.

A processing choice: I split F405N into its own color rather than merging it with F470N as STScI did, to bring out additional structure in the ionized gas.

Target
NGC 3132
Classification
Planetary nebula (bipolar, young)
Constellation
Vela
Distance
~2,000 light-years
Instruments
JWST NIRCam
Release Date
2022-07-12
Principal Investigator
Klaus Pontoppidan

NASA quotes distance at ~2,000 ly. The current primary-literature value from Gaia parallax of the central star (Chornay & Walton 2021, cited in the JWST ERO paper) is ~2,500 ly.

Cosmic Cliffs of the Carina Nebula

JWST Early Release Observation Program 2731

NIRCam composite

Colors are mapped from five near-infrared filters.

  • F090W

    0.9 μm broadband; starlight and the cliff face's dust structure

  • F187N

    1.87 μm narrowband; ionized hydrogen (Paschen-α), tracing atomic jets erupting along the ridge

  • F200W

    2.0 μm broadband; stellar continuum across the dust wall

  • F335M

    3.35 μm medium band; PAH emission glowing along the cliff's eroding rim

  • F444W

    4.4 μm broadband; warm dust and continuum at base of the cliffscape

The Cosmic Cliffs Five-Filter NIRCam Composite

This image shows the eroding edge of a vast gas cavity, where ultraviolet radiation and stellar winds from massive young stars are slowly carving away the dust wall of NGC 3324, exposing newborn stars and the atomic jets they fire outward as they form.

I've departed substantially from the published palette here by reassigning several channels toward cooler, higher-contrast hues rather than the warm orange-and-blue treatment of the official release. This brings out depth in the cliff face and ridge structure that a closer wavelength-order mapping tends to flatten.

Target
NGC 3324
Classification
H II region/young star-forming region
Constellation
Carina
Distance
~7,600 light-years
Instruments
JWST NIRCam
Release Date
2022-07-12
Principal Investigator
Klaus Pontoppidan

Pillars of Creation

JWST Program 2739

NIRCam composite

Colors are mapped from five near-infrared filters.

  • F090W

    0.9 μm broadband; background starlight silhouetting the pillar towers

  • F187N

    1.87 μm narrowband; ionized hydrogen, tracing jets bursting through the pillar tips

  • F200W

    2.0 μm broadband; stellar continuum, revealing hundreds of stars hidden within and behind the dust

  • F335M

    3.35 μm medium band; PAH emission glowing along the pillar edges where radiation is actively eroding them

  • F444W

    4.4 μm broadband; warm dust and continuum forming the dense body of each pillar

The Pillars of Creation Five-Filter NIRCam Composite

This image reveals towering columns of cold gas and dust several light-years tall, where dense knots are collapsing under their own gravity to form new stars, even as the ultraviolet radiation and winds from nearby young stars slowly erode the pillars away.

As with the Cosmic Cliffs, I've pushed this composite toward a higher-contrast, cooler-toned palette than the official orange-and-blue release, to bring out the layered structure of the dust towers rather than flatten it into a single warm gradient.

Target
M16 (Eagle Nebula)
Classification
Emission nebula/star-forming region
Constellation
Serpens (Serpens Cauda)
Distance
~6,500 light-years
Instruments
JWST NIRCam
Release Date
2022-10-19
Principal Investigator
Klaus Pontoppidan

Published distances for M16 range from about 5,700 to 7,000 light-years depending on the method used.

About Space Telescope Imagery

Unlike local astrophotography data, space telescope i2d.fits data is already calibrated, dark-subtracted, flat-fielded, and mostly distortion-corrected. My job is alignment, dynamic range control, noise management, flux normalization, color mapping, calibration, and detail enhancement.

All images are public data, processed through multiple applications, and artistically rendered by Erica Jaclyn Stein. Full res options for print and display available. Please send requests to erica@ericajaclyn.com.

Acknowledgements

Some/all of the data presented here were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. Support for MAST for non-HST data is provided by the NASA Office of Space Science via grant NNX13AC07G and by other grants and contracts.

James Webb Space Telescope data courtesy of NASA/JPL, ESA, CSA, STScI.